This is both the most notorious use of a fake for propaganda purposes and a central document in the history of anti-Semitism. First published in August-September 1903 in Saint Petersburg, Russia, in the anti-Semitic newspaper Znamya (The Banner), these writings next appeared in book form in 1905 as the topic to the apocalyptic work of a religious mystic named Serge Nilus. The Protocols purported to be a collection of lectures by and for Jewish leaders outlining methods for world domination. Highlights included the revelation that underground railways had been built to allow the Elders to dynamite the great capitals of the world. In all probability, this document was requested by Pyotr Ivanovich Rachovsky, head of the overseas branch of the Okhrana, the tsarist secret police, who planned to use anti-Semitism as a rallying point for a nationalist political party. The document combined myths that had been part of the Christian world since the Middle Ages and soon was used to justify pogroms against the Jews of Russia. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, the Protocols found a wider readership across Europe and the rest of the world. In May 1920 the London Times presented a serious discussion of its contents. In Germany the Protocols found an eager champion in Alfred Rosenberg (1893-1946), the Nazi "intellectual" whose book on the subject, "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" and Jewish World Politics, appeared in 1923 and became an instant bestseller. The Protocols became a mainstay of Nazi propaganda underpinning the Holocaust. In the United States the Protocols inspired a series of anti-Semitic articles in the Dearborn Independent, a newspaper belonging to industrialist Henry Ford (1863-1947), which were collected and published in book form as The International Jew. After World War II the Protocols were wholly discredited. Nevertheless, their slanderous arguments surfaced again in the rhetoric of Arab nationalism and remain a perennial theme in American neofascist circles.