Chasmanthium Link
Grass family, Poaceae
Wild-oat, wood-oat Comprises five perennial, warm-season species native only to North America, primarily distributed in the central and southeastern United States and northern Mexico. This genus was formerly included in Uniola, sea-oat; however, Chas-manthium species are inland grasses that have nothing to do with the sea, and any nursery listings retaining the common name sea-oat are in error. All the species occur primarily in woodland habitats, typically along streams and rivers.
Chasmanthium latifolium (Michaux) Yates [Uniola latifolia Michaux]
Wild-oat, wood-oat, river-oat, Indian wood-oat This species has the largest spikelets and is the only one with pendant panicle branches and spikelets. It grows on banks of rivers and streams, on floodplains, and in low, rich deciduous woodlands from New Jersey south to Florida and Texas and west to Kansas. Clump-forming and upright to 4 feet (1.2 m) tall when flowering in mid to late summer. Plants growing in sun are lighter green and strictly upright. Plants in shade tend to be dark green and more lax-stemmed. The nodding spikelets are light green at first, progressing through yellow-green, then red-bronze, then salmon-buff, remaining attractive through winters in cold regions. Foliage reliably turns vibrant amber-gold in autumn. Prefers light shade but will grow in full sun with adequate moisture. Very drought tolerant, and tolerant of poorly drained clay soils. Self-sows readily in moist environments or irrigated gardens. Seedlings are minimal in dry conditions. Essentially clump-forming, but increases slowly in width by short rhizomes and is durable enough to be used as a tall groundcover in sun or shade. Best cut back annually in late winter. Excellent for cut material any time from mid summer into winter. Propagate by seed, or by division in spring or fall. Zone 5.
Chasmanthium laxum (Linnaeus) Yates
Slender wild-oat, slender wood-oat Occurs in deciduous and piney woodlands, swamps, and meadows, often on the coastal plain and on sandy soils throughout most of southeastern North America. Clump-forming and upright, to 5 feet (1.5 m) tall when flowering in mid summer. The spikelets are much smaller than those of Chasmanthium latifolium typically no more than 3/8 inch (9 mm) long, and are arranged closely along the central axis of the inflorescence. Foliage is clustered toward the lower portion of the plant. The upper portions of the stems, including the inflorescences, are leafless. Prefers shade but will grow in partial sun with adequate moisture. Drought-tolerant. Propagate by seed, or by division in spring or fall. Zone 6.
Golden spikelets ofwild-oat, Chasmanthium latifolium, catch the mid-October sunlight in the author's Pennsylvania garden, backed by the light blue flowers of Aster cordifolius.
Chasmanthium latifolium grows in large masses in full sun along northern Delaware's Wilmington Waterfront in mid August
Chasmanthium laxum in early October at Hoffman Nursery in Rouge-mont, North Carolina.
Chasmanthium sessiliflorum (Poiret) Yates
Longleaf wild-oat, longleaf wood-oat Very similar to Chasmanthium laxum in most characteristics but slightly shorter, to 4 feet (1.2 m) tall, and less common in pine woods. Propagate by seed, or by division in spring or fall. Zone 6.
Chionochloa Zotov Grass family, Poaceae Snow tussock, snow grass This Australasian genus is comprised of 24 species, with 22 of those endemic to New Zealand. Closely related to Cortade-ria. Includes large tussock-forming species growing to 7 feet (2.1 m) tall in flower and smaller, tufted, and slowly spreading species under 4 feet (1.2 m) tall. All are perennial and evergreen. As a group, they are essential to and emblematic of New Zealand's great tussock grasslands. Some have conspicuous inflorescences held high above the foliage. Others flower with the leaves and are dramatic mostly for their rounded form, texture, and size. They are found in a wide range of habitats from coastal forests and cliffs to subalpine mountain streamsides. Most can be grown from seed. Division is possible but difficult due to the large size and density of mature clumps.
Chionochloa conspicua (Forster f.) Zotov
Plumed tussock grass, toetoe hunangamoho Endemic to New Zealand, found throughout the South Island in lowland and subalpine forests and clearings, especially near streams, and also occurs in North Island mountains. Produces large inflorescences to 7 feet (2.1 m) tall, reminiscent of the New Zealand Cortaderia species, which are known generically as toetoe, but more open and airy. Summer-blooming. Zone 8.
Chionochloaflavescens (Hooker f.) Zotov [Danthonia flavescens Hooker f.] Broad-leafed snow tussock Occurs on New Zealand's North and South Islands, typically in mountainous regions, often near water. Grows to 4 feet (1.2 m) tall, forming a dense tussock of deep green foliage with leaves to V inch (12 mm) wide. Blooms in summer, with open, airy inflorescences held above the foliage and moving freely with the wind. Grows best on average to moist soil. Zone 8.
Chionochloa flavicans Zotov
This graceful tussock-forming species is confined to New Zealand's North Island, where it occurs on cliffs and rocky outcrops at lower and middle elevations. Typically 3 feet (90 cm) tall with dark, glossy green leaves and attractively nodding inflorescences held above the foliage. This species is most common in cultivation and is adapted to a wide range of soil types and moisture conditions. Durable and long-lived, it is effective singly or massed as a groundcover. Very drought tolerant once established. Will grow in sun or light shade. Propagate by seed or division. Zone 8.
Chionochloa flave-scens remains semievergreen, and last season's inflorescences are still visible on plants growing along a high mountain stream in central South Island, New Zealand, in late August (winter).
Green, leathery foliage of broad-leafed snow tussock, Chionochloa flavescens.
Chionochloa rubra Zotov
Red tussock grass Widely distributed through New Zealand's North, South, and Stewart Islands, in lowland and low alpine areas in the volcanic mountain regions. Common on the mineral belts of South Island and also on poorly drained peaty valley floors or rolling slopes mostly below the tree line. Often occurs in great drifts characteristic of the classic New Zealand tussock grasslands. The inflorescences are not clearly distinguished from the foliage, and the appeal of this species is primarily in its graceful form, fine texture, and color, which ranges from a light brassy copper to a rich copper-red. Grows 3 to 4 feet (90-120 cm) tall. Best propagated by seed. Prefers sun. Very drought tolerant. Zone 8.
Chionochloa flavicans in late August (winter) in Wellington, New Zealand
Chionochloa flavicans serves as a groundcover on an urban slope in Wellington, New Zealand, in late August (winter). The foliage often retains its rich green over winter
Chionochloa rubra in early September (spring) at the Army Museum Waiouru on New Zealand's North Island, near Tongariro National Park.
The graceful form and fine texture of Chionochloa rubra is complemented by a wind-sheared shrub near Arthur's Pass in New Zealand's Southern Alps at the end of August (winter).
Red tussock grass, Chionochloa rubra, in New Zealand's Southern Alps at the end of August (winter).
Chondropetalum Rottboll
Restio family, Restionaceae Comprises approximately 15 rushlike, dioecious species native to the Cape Floral region, in South Africa, forming tussocks to 6 feet (1.8 m) tall. They are part of the fynbos plant community, which is characterized by natural burning, and are generally found on low-nutrient soils. The green, mostly leafless stems are sometimes used for roof thatching. These species are cool-season growers, most active in spring and autumn, but having a strong evergreen presence. Research at the Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden in Cape Town has revealed that smoke treatment of restio seeds significantly increases germination rates, and because of this these unique plants are becoming more readily available commercially.
Chondropetalum tectorum (Linnaeus f.) Rafinesque
Cape-reed, Cape rush Occurs in marshes and seeps in South Africa from Clanwil-liam to the Cape of Good Hope and east to Port Elizabeth. Forms an erect tussock to 4 feet (1.2) tall, increasing slowly in width by rhizomes. Stems rich, dark green, unbranched, and bare of recognizable leaves, giving the appearance of a huge Juncus effusus, but more relaxed. The stems radiate in an arc, sometimes touching the ground when laden with flowers or seeds. Male and female flowers occur on separate plants and are similar in appearance, dark brown, and clustered at the tips of stems. A truly sculptural plant, eyecatching when moving in the wind or when lit by the sun. Propagate by seed. Difficult to divide, as the roots do not like to be disturbed. Resents high fertility. An excellent seasonal container subject in areas beyond its winter cold hardiness. Prefers full sun but will tolerate light shade although growth will be somewhat lax. Zone 8.
Chondropetalum tectorum in late June at Leaning Pine Arboretum in San Luis Obispo, California.
Cortaderia Stapf
Grass family, Poaceae
Pampas grass, toetoe The genus name is derived from cortadera, the Argentine name for this grass, having the same root as the Spanish word cortar, to cut. The leaves of many Cortaderia species are sharp-edged and can cause serious cuts. Though most commonly known in cultivation for the South American pampas grass, C. selloana, this genus comprises 24 or 25 species native to South America and New Zealand. Pampas grass refers to the South American species and toetoe to the New Zealand species. All are closely related to Chionochloa. They are relatively large, perennial, tussock-forming grasses, producing plumelike inflorescences held high above the foliage. Flowers are either bisexual or unisexual, and the species are either monoecious or dioecious. Among dioecious plants, females produce the most impressive plumes. Foliage is evergreen, and over years the tussocks tend to accumulate a large amount of old, dead growth.
The tussocks are best cut back occasionally, with gloved hands and sturdy hand shears or power shears. In native habitats fire typically serves to clean and renew plants; however, burning such large grasses in residential garden settings requires extreme caution since they are highly flammable.
More recent introductions from South America have extended the range of winter hardiness into Zone 6; however, most Cortaderia species require more warmth. They are suitable for display in large containers. Plants sold as hardy pampas grass may be Saccharum ravennae, so it is best to check with suppliers.
All the species may be grown from seed, though division or tissue culture is necessary to retain distinct characteristics of cultivars. Both Cortaderia selloana and C. jubata have become naturalized in western North America, especially on disturbed open ground.
Cortaderia fulvida (Buchanan) Zotov
Tussock grass, kakaho Native to New Zealand, especially on the North Island, from sea level to subalpine regions, occurring in open places, along streamsides, and at the margins of forests, sometimes in huge masses. Blooms mid summer. Inflorescences tawny, to 6^ feet (2 m). Well suited to waterside situations in the garden. Zone 8.
Cortaderia jubata (Lemoine) Stapf
Purple pampas grass, Andes pampas grass Native to the mountains of Ecuador, Peru, and Chile. Earlier blooming than Cortaderia selloana with inflorescences rosy lavender upon opening, drying to dull grayish tan. To 9 feet (2.7 m) in flower. Well adapted to dry conditions, this species has become widely naturalized on disturbed open ground along the West Coast of North America, and is considered a serious pest. Female plants produce copious quantities of fertile seeds through apomixis (seed production without sexual cross-fertilization), which contributes to their spread. Zone 8.
Cortaderia richardii (Endlicher) Zotov Toetoe, tussock grass, plumed tussock Native to moist, open places in New Zealand. Although the plumes are not as large and full, this species rivals the majesty of pampas grass, Cortaderia selloana. It grows to 10 feet (3 m) height in bloom, with the inflorescences often gently nodding atop a multitude of stalks ascending at different angles from the center of the clump. Plumes nearly white or with a slight brassy tint, often slightly one-sided. Blooms mid to late summer. A versatile grass for streamside, pondside, or soils of average moisture. Not as drought-tolerant as the South American species. Zone 8.
Cortaderia selloana (Schultes & Schultes f.) Ascherson & Grabner [Cortaderia argentea (Nees) Stapf]
Pampas grass
The quintessential ornamental grass of the Victorian era, when ostrich feathers and pampas grass plumes were the epitome of style. Native to the pampas of Brazil, Argentina, and Chile, where it typically occurs in extensive populations. The word pampas is derived from a South American Gua-rani tribal word meaning level plain, and the pampas regions of South America are grassland biomes covering flat, fertile plains located between the Atlantic Ocean and the Andes Mountains. The climate of the pampas is warm and humid, with a nearly constant wind and sometimes searing, hot summer temperatures.
Cortaderia fulvida in late July at Nymans Garden in West Sussex, England.
Cortaderia richardii in moist, sunny native habitat in the central South Island, New Zealand, in late August (winter). The plumes have lasted entirely through the winter.
Cortaderia richardii in Alan Bloom's garden in Bress-ingham, England, in mid July.
Cortaderia selloana in late August at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in Surrey, England.
Adapted to these rather extreme conditions, Cortaderia selloana is capable of growing in a wide range of conditions in cultivation and sometimes beyond cultivation. It has naturalized along the West Coast of North America, where it is considered a serious pest. In many areas where it is grown, including England, it has no invasive potential, once again illustrating the often regional or localized nature of weedy behavior. The standard form of the species has long been popular in the southeastern United States, where it has become a beautiful cliche.
Dramatic as the plumes are, many variegated cultivars of pampas grass are worth growing for foliage alone, either planted in the landscape or set out seasonally in pots. Plants can be maintained indefinitely in cold areas by overwintering in a cold frame or cool greenhouse. Container growing generally limits size and discourages flowering, which is desirable in areas where the species is potentially invasive. The species and its cultivars are typically cold hardy to Zone 8; however, some recent introductions are much more cold-tolerant.
'Albolineata' ('Silver Stripe'). White-striped pampas grass. Leaves longitudinally white-striped. Plumes white, of modest size. Zone 8.
'Andes Silver'. Silver plumes 7 feet (2.1 m) tall. A cold-hardier introduction by Kurt Bluemel. Zone 6.
'Aureolineata' ('Gold Band'). Golden-variegated pampas grass. Leaves longitudinally yellow striped, mostly near the margins but some blades nearly all-yellow. Plumes white, modest-sized. Zone 8.
'Bertini'. Compact-growing, less than 4 feet (1.2 m) tall in flower. Plumes white.
'Monstrosa'. A huge green-leaved selection, with immense white plumes.
'Monvin'. Yellow-striped leaves. Introduced and patented by Monrovia Nursery of California, and marketed with the name Sun Stripe™.
'Patagonia'. Silver plumes to 7 feet (2.1 m) tall. Leaves bluish gray-green. A cold-hardier introduction by Kurt Blue-mel. Zone 6.
'Pink Feather'. Large plumes with pink blush. Zone 8.
'Pumila'. Compact pampas grass. White medium-sized, somewhat narrow plumes in late summer. Grows 5 to 7 feet (1.5-2.1 m) tall in flower. A fine choice for gardens of moderate size. Leaves gray-green. Among the most cold hardy of the true pampas grasses. Zone 6.
'Rendatleri'. Plumes large, purplish-pink. To 9 feet (2.7 m) tall in flower. Zone 8.
'Rosea'. Plumes mostly silver-white with a pink blush. To 8 feet (2.4 m) tall in flower. Zone 8.
'Silver Comet'. White-striped pampas grass. An improvement over 'Albolineata' with more pronounced white variegation. Plumes white, medium-sized. To 8 feet (2.4 m) tall in flower. Zone 8.
'Splendid Star'. Leaves longitudinally yellow-striped. Originated as a sport of 'Pumila' and shares traits of small stature and increased cold hardiness. Grows only 5 feet (1.5 m) tall in flower. Introduced by Bert Verhoef of Hazerswoude nursery in the Netherlands. Zone 7.
'Sunningdale Silver'. Widely acclaimed as the best of the larger types for the grandeur and quality of its silvery plumes. Can grow to more than 10 feet (3 m) tall. Zone 8.
'White Feather'. Plumes large, white. Zone 8.
Cortaderia selloana 'Albolineata' in late August at the Royal Horticultural Society's garden, Wisley, in Surrey, England.
Cortaderia selloana 'Patagonia' at the Berggarten in Hanover, Germany, in late August.
Cortaderia selloana 'Silver Comet' in mid July at Alan Bloom's garden in Bressingham, England.
Cortaderia selloana 'Aureolineata' in mid October at Descanso Gardens in Southern California.
Cortaderia selloana 'Pumila' at Kurt Bluemel's nursery in Fallston, Maryland, in mid October
Cortaderia selloana 'Splendid Star' foliage in England in mid July
Cortaderia selloana 'Aureolin-eata', foliage detail, in mid August.
Cortaderia toetoe Zotov Toetoe
Native to low, open, moist areas on New Zealand's North Island only, growing up to 12 feet (3.7 m) tall in flower. A relatively newly recognized species, first published in 1963. It is similar enough to Cortaderia richardii (Endlicher) Zotov that the two could be mistaken for one another. Adding to the confusion, the common name "toetoe" is used generally to refer to any of the New Zealand Cortaderia species.
Ctenium Panzer
Grass family, Poaceae Name from the Greek ktenos, comb, referring to the comblike inflorescences. Comprises approximately 20 species, mostly native to savannahs in tropical Africa and the Americas, with two species native to southeastern North America.
Ctenium aromaticum (Walter) Wood
Toothache grass Native to savannahs, bogs, and wet to moist pine woods from Louisiana to Florida and north on the coastal plain to Virginia. Leaves mostly basal, the slender flowering stems to 4 feet (1.2 m) tall, each ending in a comblike, slightly curved inflorescence to 6 inches (15 cm) long. All parts of the plants have a citruslike fragrance when crushed. This grass also has mild analgesic properties that have been traced to the presence of isobutylamides, and has been traditionally used to treat toothaches. A curious and delicately graceful grass suited to informal landscapes and deserving conservation in native habitats. Blooms mid to late summer, the inflorescences lasting into winter. Grows best in full sun and moist conditions. Propagate by seed, or by division in spring. Zone 7.
Cortaderia toetoe grows with Cordyline indivisa in low, moist habitat in Tongariro National Park on New Zealand's North Island.
Toothache grass, Ctenium aromaticum, in late June at the University of North Carolina Botanical Garden in Chapel Hill.
Ctenium aromaticum, inflorescence detail, in late June.
Ctenium floridanum (Hitchcock) Hitchcock
Florida orangegrass, Florida lemongrass Grows in wet and dry pine woods and occasionally in pine-oak upland woods in Georgia and Florida. Similar to Ctenium aromaticum, but with creeping rhizomes. Zone 8.
Cymbopogon Sprengel
Grass family, Poaceae Comprises approximately 55 clump-forming, mostly perennial species native to tropics and subtropics in Africa, Asia, and Australia. Most are strongly aromatic, including citro-nella, Cymbopogon nardus, and oils from these grasses are used for various purposes, such as cooking, perfumes, herbal remedies, and insect repellents.
Cymbopogon citratus (De Candolle ex Nees) Stapf Lemon grass
Native to southern India and Sri Lanka. The oil from this species is strongly lemon-scented, and the leaves are widely used for flavoring in Southeast Asian cuisine. The plant is also quite handsome, with broad flat leaf blades that bend gracefully toward the tips. Clump-forming and upright. Grows 2 to 3 feet (60-90 cm) tall over the course of a summer. Though too tender to survive winter in most temperate regions, it can be held over in a cold frame, greenhouse, or sunny window and planted out for the summer and autumn in the ground, or in a decorative pot. It's delightful to savor the scent of a crushed leaf while strolling through the garden on a summer evening. Best in full sun with adequate moisture. Adaptable to a range of soils. Zone 9.
Cymophyllus Mackenzie Fraser's sedge
Name from the Greek cyma, a wave, and phyllon, leaf, referring to the minutely undulate margins of the leaves. Comprises a single eastern North American species. Formerly included in Carex.
Cymophyllus fraserianus (Ker-Gawler) Kartesz & Gandhi [Carexfraserianus Ker-Gawler, C. fraseri Andrews, Cymophyllus fraseri (Andrews) Mackenzie] Fraser's sedge
Named for its discoverer, John Fraser (1750-1811), this unique North American native is rare in the wild and still uncommon in cultivation. It occurs in rich upland woods, often on sloping ground, and along streambanks in eastern Tennessee and northwestern South Carolina, north into Virginia, West Virginia, and extreme south-central Pennsylvania. The plant is clump-forming, with broad, flat evergreen basal leaves. Suspended above the foliage in May and June, the inflorescences are bright white, to 15 inches (38 cm) in height. Male flowers have conspicuous threadlike anthers and are clustered at the top of each inflorescence above the females. New leaves develop after flowering, eventually growing to 20 inches (50 cm) long by M inch (2 cm) wide, deep green and glossy, persisting through winter. The leaves are unusual in having no midrib. A distinctly attractive sedge worth growing for foliage or flowers. Requires partial shade, well-drained soil with plenty of organic matter, and steady moisture for best growth. Does well on shaded slopes. Tolerant of dense deciduous shade and light coniferous shade. Propagate by division, or by seeds sown in spring immediately as they come loose from the seedhead. Zone 6.
Lemon grass, Cymbopogon citratus, in late August at Longwood Gardens in Pennsylvania.
Though rare, Cymophyllus fraserianus is often locally abundant where it does occur. Photographed in early May, this slope under mixed deciduous and coniferous forest in the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina is typical of the species's preferred habitat. The soil is moist but well-drained and rich in organic matter.
Cymophyllus fraserianus blooming in early May in North Carolina. Male flowers with light yellow anthers extended on thin white filaments are clustered nearest the tip above the female flowers, which have small but visible three-parted stigmas.
Cyperus Linnaeus
Sedge family, Cyperaceae
Umbrella sedge, umbrella plant, galingale This is the second largest genus in the sedge family, after Carex, comprising approximately 600 mostly perennial species native to wet tropical, subtropical, and temperate habitats. Diverse in size and appearance, the genus includes the famous Egyptian paper reed or classical papyrus, Cyperus papyrus, and the infamous yellow nutsedge, C. esculentus, a pernicious weed in temperate gardens. Chufa, C. esculentus var. sativus, is grown for its edible tubers, which have a sweet nutty flavor after roasting.
Many of the most commonly cultivated species are tropicals requiring winter protection in a greenhouse, with minimum temperatures of 50°F (10°C). These are often called umbrella sedges or umbrella plants because of the leaflike bracts that spiral outward and downward from the top of the stem, like the ribs of umbrellas. Some species have well-developed basal leaves, others have leaves reduced to bracts that closely sheath the stems.
All umbrella sedges prefer constantly moist soils, and many grow best in shallow water. They make excellent year-round indoor plants if provided sufficient sunlight. They may also be grown in a pot with the base standing in a tray of water, and can be set out during warm seasons as marginals in water gardens. Their fine texture contrasts naturally with the broad, bold leaves of waterlilies and other broad-leaved aquatics and marginals. All are best in full sun but some will tolerate light shade. Many variegated selections are available.
The Cyperus species cultivated ornamentally are mostly clump-forming, but some run and a few are aggressive self-sowers. Propagate by division in spring, by seed, or by upper stem cuttings rooted in water. The names and identifications of Cyperus species in cultivation have seen considerable change in recent years, and there is still much confusion among names of plants offered commercially. Most notably, all or nearly all plants cultivated as C. alternifolius truly represent C. involucratus.
Cyperus albostriatus Schrader [Cyperus diffusus hort., non Vahl, C. elegans hort., non Linnaeus]
Broad-leaved umbrella plant, broad-leaved umbrella sedge Native to southern Africa. Distinct from the other umbrella sedges in having well-developed basal leaves and leafy, broad inflorescence bracts, to 6 inches (15 cm) long and 1 inch (2.5 cm) wide, with prominent longitudinal veins. The leaves are typically dark green. Unlike many cultivated umbrella sedges, this species prefers not be submersed in water and does well planted in the ground in moist soil. Spreads slowly and can be used as a groundcover in warmer climates. Tolerates shade better than most and is well adapted to cultivation as a house plant. Zone 8.
'Nanus'. Compact and solid green. Typically to 12 inches (30 cm) tall.
The typical solid green form of Cyperus albostriatus.
The compact, dark green and white-striped form of Cyperus albostriatus 'Variega-tus' in Roger Raiche's garden in Berkeley, California, in mid August. This form is also amenable to use as a groundcover in warm regions
The light green form of Cyperus albostria-tus 'Variegatus' growing in moist soil under glass at the New York Botanical Garden in late May.
'Variegatus'. This name is a catchall for variegated forms in cultivation. Two distinct plants are most often encountered. One is compact, growing only 12 to 18 inches (30-45 cm) tall, with dark green leaves and white stripes, The other has leaves and bracts almost entirely greenish white. Zone 8.
Cyperus alternifolius Linnaeus Umbrella sedge, umbrella plant This species is endemic to Madagascar and is not common in cultivation. Most or all of the plants cultivated under this name are actually Cyperus involucratus (which see).
Cyperus eragrostis Lamarck [Cyperus vegetus Willdenow]
Pale galingale
This South American perennial species is widely introduced and naturalized elsewhere, including southwestern North America and Europe. The entire plant is pale yellow-green, growing to 24 inches (60 cm) tall. Not an aquatic species, but instead prefers average to moist soil. Flowers in mid summer. An enthusiastic self-sower, popular in British gardens and there often allowed to find niches in informal areas. Propagate by seed or division. Zone 6.
Cyperus giganteus Rottboll ex Kunth
Mexican papyrus Native to Mexico, Central and South America, and the West Indies, and introduced and naturalized elsewhere including Texas and Louisiana. Despite the specific epithet, this plant is not a giant and is typically smaller than the classic papyrus, Cyperus papyrus. It is relatively new to cultivation, being first introduced in the Southern California nursery trade as C. papyrus 'Mexico', which is incorrect. Reaches 6 to 9 feet (1.82.7 m) tall and grows best with roots slightly submerged. The inflorescences are open and ball-like, and can be nearly 16 inches (40 cm) in diameter. The bracts of the inflorescence are flat and leafy, unlike the cylindrical, tubelike bracts of C. papyrus. Propagate by seed or division. Zone 8.
Cyperus haspan Linnaeus
Most material in cultivation under this name is actually Cy-perus prolifer. Cyperus haspan is native to North America from coastal Virginia south to Florida and west to Texas, and also to Mexico, Central and South America, Africa, and Australasia. A relatively slight plant, with inflorescences open with ascending branches. Not globelike in overall shape. Typically grows to 2 feet (60 cm) tall in swales and other moist to wet habitats. Zone 7.
Pale galingale, Cyperus eragrostis, shares space with equally rambunctious Acaena novae-zelandiae in the Sunk Garden at Great Dixter in Northiam, England.
Cyperus giganteus at Longwood Gardens in late September.
Cyperus involucratus Rottboll [Cyperus flabelliformis Rottboll]
Umbrella plant, umbrella sedge, umbrella-palm Native to eastern Africa and widely introduced and naturalized elsewhere, this is the most commonly cultivated Cyperus species. It has long been a favorite for use as a house plant or in pond gardens around the world. Basal leaves are lacking. The slender leafless stems grow to 3 feet (90 cm) tall, each topped by an umbrella-like spiral of up to 25 dark green bracts. The bracts are flat and narrowly leaflike, up to % inch (15 mm) wide and 4 to 12 inches (10-30 cm) long. It is one of the easiest to grow, which accounts for its popularity. Prefers moist soil or submersion in water. Will grow in full sun or partial shade. Propagate by seed, division, or rooted cuttings prepared from the stem-tops. Zone 8 or slightly colder with winter protection.
'Gracilis'. Smaller than the species, typically less than 2 feet (60 cm) tall.
'Variegatus'. Bracts neatly striped cream-white. Sometimes reverts to green.
Cyperus longus Linnaeus
Galingale
Native to coastal marshes and wet margins in Europe including the British Isles, Asia, and North Africa. Grows upright, 3 to 4 feet (90-120 cm) tall, with narrow dark green, pendant foliage. The inflorescences are open, with lax branches. A highly architectural plant, effective at pool or pondside. Spreads with moderate speed by rhizomes. Will grow in moist soil or partly submerged at margins of water. Propagate by seed or division. Zone 7.
Cyperus papyrus Linnaeus
Papyrus, Egyptian paper reed This is the classic papyrus of ancient Egypt, which grew along the Nile and was used in making papyrus paper. Egyptians cut the stems vertically into thin strips, laid them parallel to each other, and added another layer at right angles. The resulting mat was pressed and dried in the sun. This species is also believed to be the bulrush referred to in the Bible. It is a truly majestic plant, capable of growing 15 feet (4.5 m) tall. Basal leaves are lacking. The stout green leafless stems are topped by globelike umbellate inflorescences 10 to 16 inches (25-40 cm) wide. The bracts of the inflorescences are tubelike and cylindrical, not at all leaflike. Inflorescences are produced from mid summer into autumn, and are especially luminous when the sun catches them. Spreads by stout rhizomes but can be maintained as a clump. Prefers full sun and submersion in water for most luxuriant growth. Propagates easily by seed or division. Zone 9.
Cyperus invo-lucratus in the waterlily pools at Longwood Gardens in late September.
Cyperus involu-cratus growing in moist ground at El Encanto in Santa Barbara, California, in late June.
Cyperus involucratus 'Variegatus' in late May inside the conservatory at the New York Botanical Garden.
Cyperus longus in late August in Karl Wienke's garden in Suhl, Germany.
Cyperus longus flowers in late August in Germany.
Cyperus papyrus towers more than 10 feet (3 m) tall, growing in water at Quail Botanical Gardens in Encinitas, California, in early July
A small plant of Cyperus papyrus is less than 4 feet (1.2 m) tall at the corner of a pool at the Royal Horticultural Society's garden, Wisley, in Surrey, England, in late August.
Cyperus papyrus 'King Tut' in the waterlily pools at Longwood Gardens in late September.
'King Tut'. This name was coined by Greg Speichert to distinguish a very compact form originally introduced to the United States from Japan as Cyperus papyrus var. percamentus, which is not a valid botanical name. The plant is a genuine miniature, typically only 2 feet (60 cm) tall. It resulted from seed trials in Japan intended to develop a shade-tolerant papyrus that could be grown as a house plant, and in fact the plant is remarkably shade-tolerant and does not need to be submerged: it will grow in soil that is constantly moist. Unfortunately, the name 'King Tut' is now sometimes used to market standard-sized papyrus, so care must be taken to determine that plants are in fact compact. Zone 9.
Cyperus prolifer Lamarck [Cyperus isocladus Kunth, C. prolifer var. isocladus (Kunth) Kukenthal]
Miniature papyrus, dwarf papyrus Native to edges of swamps and streams in eastern and southern Africa, Madagascar, and the Mascarene Islands. Resembles Cyperus papyrus in miniature. Stems slender, growing 2 to 3 feet (60-90 cm) tall. The umbellate inflorescences are quite small, typically less than 4 inches (10 cm) across. Plants in cultivation frequently produce sterile umbels, lacking spikelets at the ends of the rays. Spreads by rhizomes but easily managed as a clump. Prefers full sun or very light shade, and wet or constantly moist soil. Zone 9.
Dactylis Linnaeus
Grass family, Poaceae From the Greek daktylos, finger, referring to the fingerlike branches of the inflorescence. Comprises a single variable species native to moist and dry sunny habitats including meadows and open woodlands in temperate Eurasia.
Dactylis glomerata Linnaeus
Orchard grass, cocksfoot This Eurasian species is now distributed through most of the world's cool-temperate regions, often introduced for forage. It is widely naturalized in North America, where it is called orchard grass, and in England, where it is known as cocksfoot. A familiar presence in sunny fields, roadsides, and other disturbed sites, it grows to 4 feet (1.2 m) tall and is typically green-leaved. Zone 4.
Cyperus papyrus 'King Tut' is displayed in a pot on the steps of the Scott Arboretum office on the campus of Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania in early August.
Cyperus prolifer in the waterlily pools at Long-wood Gardens in late September.
Dactylis glomerata 'Variegata' in late August in Germany.
'Variegata'. Variegated orchard grass, variegated cocksfoot. Leaves conspicuously striped white, giving an overall light green or white appearance. This cool-season grower is best in spring and autumn. It often looks ragged in the heat of mid summer, and is best cut back to allow a flush of new, clean growth for autumn. Less vigorous than the species, this cultivar rarely tops 2 feet (60 cm) and doesn't flower as heavily. Self-sown seedlings are usually green-leaved. Grows easily in a range of soils with average moisture in sun or light shade. Propagate by spring, or by division in fall. Zone 5.
Deschampsia P. Beauvois Grass family, Poaceae Hair grass, tussock grass Comprises 40 annual and perennial species widely distributed in north- and south-temperate regions and in upper elevations in the tropics, growing in open and shaded habitats including meadows, glades, woodland openings, and mixed deciduous and coniferous forests.
Deschampsia cespitosa (Linnaeus) P. Beauvois [Aira cespitosa Linnaeus] Tufted hair grass, tussock grass This variable species is native to cool-temperate parts of North America, Europe, and eastern Asia. A cool-season grower, it occurs in moist habitats including bogs, meadows, and damp open woodlands. In the southern extremes of its range it is found mostly in higher, cooler mountain habitats. Strictly clump-forming, it produces a neatly rounded tuft of narrow, typically dark green foliage which is topped by a cloudlike mass of finely branched inflorescences in early summer. The common name "hair grass" refers to the fine texture of the inflorescences, which are translucent and luminous when sidelit or backlit by the sun. Grows to 4 feet (1.4 m) tall in flower. The inflorescences typically open light green and dry to light buff, remaining attractive into autumn. Many cultivated varieties open yellow-green, and some are more compact and shorter than typical. Long-lived and of easy culture in sun or shade, though flowering is most profuse in full sun. Semievergreen in milder climates, the basal foliage looks good much of the year and this durable clump-former is suitable for groundcover masses. Readily propagated by seed, or by division in spring or fall. Zone 4.
'Bronzeschleier' (bronze veil). Inflorescences open green-bronze. Grows 2 to 3 feet (60-90 cm) tall in flower.
'Goldgehange' (gold pendant). Inflorescences open green-yellow with slightly pendulous form. Grows 2 to 3 feet (6090 cm) tall in flower.
Rounded clumps of Deschampsia cespitosa are characteristically dark green in early April in Southern California.
Deschampsia cespitosa begins blooming in early June at the Chicago Botanic Garden.
'Goldschleier' (gold veil). Inflorescences open green-yellow. Grows 1 to 2 feet (30-60 cm) tall in flower.
'Goldstaub' (gold dust). Inflorescences open yellow-green. Grows 1 to 2 feet (30-60 cm) tall in flower.
'Goldtau' (gold dew). Inflorescences finer textured than many, opening yellow-green. Grows 1 to 2 feet (30-60 cm) tall in flower.
'Northern Lights'. Leaves with cream-white longitudinal stripes, sometimes pink-suffused in cool seasons. More compact than standard green-leaved forms. Originated as a seedling at Bluebird Nursery in Nebraska and named by Steve Schmidt. Grows 1 to feet (30-45 cm) tall in flower.
'Schottland'. Of Scottish origin, as the German cultivar name implies. Typical of the species, but uniform, with dark solid green foliage. Inflorescences open light green. Grows 2 to 3% feet (60-105 cm) tall in flower.
'Tardiflora'. Slightly later blooming, inflorescences open light green. Grows 2 to 3 feet (60-90 cm) tall in flower.
'Tautrager' (dew carrier). Inflorescences slender, opening light green. Grows 1 to 2 feet (30-60 cm) tall in flower.
'Vivipara' ('Fairy's Joke'). Viviparous plants are produced within the inflorescences, which are pendulous from the extra weight. Grows 2 to 3 feet (60-90 cm) tall in flower.
Deschampsiaflexuosa (Linnaeus) Trinius [Aira flexuosa Linnaeus]
Hair grass, crinkled hair grass, common hair grass (North America)
Smaller, lower, and finer textured than Deschampsia cespitosa, this species is also a clump-forming cool-season grower native to cool-temperate North America and Eurasia, mostly in drier habitats in sun or woodland openings. In many regions it is an important, locally native pasture grass. Densely tufted, with very fine-textured, typically medium-green foliage less than 8 inches (20 cm) tall. Grows to 2 feet (60 cm) tall when flowering in early to mid summer. Of easy culture on a wide variety of soils including sand. Blooms well in sun or partial shade and is superbly adapted to dry shade. Propagate by seed, or by division in spring or fall. Zone 4.
'Aurea' ('Tatra Gold', 'Hohe Tatra'). Foliage yellow-green, especially in spring. Color is more pronounced and longer-lasting in cooler climates. Comes true from seed.
Cloudlike and fine-textured inflorescences of Deschampsia cespitosa 'Goldtau' have turned tawny by mid July next to pink Diascia 'Rupert Lambert' at the Royal Horticultural Society's garden, Wisley, in Surrey, England.
Deschampsia cespitosa 'Vivipara', inflorescence detail, in late August.
Deschampsia flexuosa grows in drifts over a rock face along the Blue Ridge Parkway in Virginia in late July.
Deschampsia flexuosa blooms in cloudlike drifts beside a walking trail passing through a woodland opening in the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina in mid July.
The fine-textured foliage and flowers of Deschamp-siaflexuosa contrast with a dark granite outcrop, wet with rain, in the Smoky Mountains of North Carolina in mid July.
Deschampsia flexuosa 'Aurea' begins blooming in mid May in Linda Cochran's garden, Froggy Bottom, near Seattle, Washington.
'Muckenschwarm' (cloud of flies). Inflorescences with a profusion of dark green spikelets.
Desmoschoenus J. D. Hooker
Sedge family, Cyperaceae A monotypic genus comprising one species endemic to New Zealand.
Desmoschoenus spiralis (A. Richard) J. D. Hooker
Pingao, pikao golden sand sedge Native to New Zealand and originally an important stabilizing element of coastal dune systems. Once common, it has been in decline as a result of competition from the introduced dune grass or marram grass, Ammophila arenaria, but is making a comeback due to restoration efforts. Perennial, growing 2 to 3 feet (60 to 90 cm) tall with coarse yellow-green leaves borne on thick ropelike rhizomes. Its habit of growth promotes smooth, stable fore dunes, as opposed to the easily eroded steep dunes that result from Ammophila are-naria. Pingao is important to Maori culture and has been employed in the weaving of tough fabrics for use in clothing and shelter. The foliage turns bright orange when growing in full sun with periodic drought stress. Blooms in spring and early summer, eventually producing dark brown seed clusters. Propagate by fresh seed or cuttings. Zone 8.
Dichanthelium (Hitchcock & Chase) Gould
Grass family, Poaceae
Originally included in Panicum and now generally recognized as a distinct genus comprising approximately 72 species, about half of which are native to North America. All are perennials, and some are strongly rhizomatous spreaders.
Dichanthelium clandestinum (Linnaeus) Gould [Panicum clandestinum Linnaeus]
Deer-tongue grass, deer-tongue panic grass Native to moist, sometimes sandy ground over much of the eastern United States, growing in meadows, thickets, and open woodlands, and on streambanks. The common name refers to the shape of the leaves, which are relatively wide, up to 1% inches (31 mm), and short, to 7 inches (18 cm) long. Forms dense clumps to 30 inches (75 cm) tall, but can also spread aggressively by rhizomes, creating large masses. Summer foliage color is a bright green, turning yellow-brown with the coming of autumn frosts and providing subtly attractive accompaniment to the whites, purples, and yellows of late-flowering asters and goldenrods. In addition to spreading vegetatively, it also self-seeds prolifically and is difficult to manage in small landscapes in warmer climates. Its spread and seeding are checked in regions with cooler, shorter seasons such as the British Isles and northern continental Europe. Inflorescences are visually insignificant. Of easy culture in sun or partial shade. Drought-tolerant. Propagate by seed, or by division in spring. Zone 4.
Pingao, Desmoschoenus spiralis, helps maintain gradually sloping fore dunes in Wellington, New Zealand, in late August (winter).
Dichanthelium clandestinum in light shade in late July at the Royal Horticultural Society's garden, Wisley, in Surrey, England.
Dulichium Persoon
Sedge family, Cyperaceae
Three-way sedge Includes only one species native to wet habitats in North America.
Dulichium arundinaceum (Linnaeus) Britton
Three-way sedge Occurs in open wet places including bogs, swamps, lake and pond margins, and streambanks, typically growing in standing water, from Newfoundland to Minnesota south to Florida and Texas, and also from British Columbia to California and Montana. The bright green leaves are arranged in three distinct ranks which are evident when viewing the plant from above, hence the common name. The stems are upright, 2 to 3 feet (60-90 cm) tall, with narrow leaves, giving a somewhat bamboolike appearance. Mid-summer flowers are visually insignificant. Spreads by rhizomes and often forms extensive colonies that read as bright green ribbons at water's edge. A fine-textured companion to broad-leaved waterlilies including Nymphaea and Nuphar species, with which it often occurs. Of easy culture in sun or light shade if provided constantly wet or moist soil. Can be grown in a large pot or tub and is a fine addition to water gardens. Propagate by seed, or by division in spring. Zone 5.
Elegia Linnaeus Restio family, Restionaceae Broom-reed
Comprises approximately 32 dioecious perennial species native to the Cape Region of South Africa. Some have been traditionally used for thatching or in the making of brooms. They are members of the fynbos plant community, which is adapted to frequent natural fires. All are wind-pollinated and typically grow in open habitats on the Cape where the wind is almost always blowing. Growth is most active following rains, but all have a strong evergreen presence. Research at the Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden in Cape Town has revealed that smoke treatment of the seeds significantly increases germination rates. Broom-reeds lack normally developed leaves with broad blades. Photosynthesis takes place in the green stems, bracts, and branches. Some species have simple unbranched stems, and others are finely branched and resemble horsetails, Equisetum species. The curling bracts associated with the terminal inflorescences of some species are golden amber and persistent, and these species are often called golden-curls. Amenable to culture in other regions with Mediterranean-type climates such as California, and also in southern England. They also make fine conservatory specimens and can be held over winter under glass and set out for summer in climates otherwise too cold.
Dulichium arundinaceum mingles with fragrant waterlily, Nymphaea odorata, in native habitat in the New Jersey Pine Barrens in late August.
Dulichium arundinaceum creates a bright green stripe across the far edge in naturally dark water in the New Jersey Pine Barrens as a fragrant azalea, Rhododendron viscosum, flowers in its midst and bold-textured waterlilies venture beyond it into deeper water.
Elegia capensis (Burman f.) Schelpe
Broom-reed, horsetail restio, besemriet, fonteinriet Occurs along streamsides and low mountain seeps in South Africa from Clanwilliam to the Cape of Good Hope and east to Port Elizabeth. Traditionally used in South Africa for sweeping, hence the name broom-reed. Clump-forming, to nearly 7 feet (2.1 m) tall, bearing an uncanny resemblance to a giant horsetail, with dense whorls of threadlike branches spaced along the vertical stems. Brown male and female flowers on separate plants, at the tops of stems. Conspicuous papery leaf bracts, held closely to the stems, are a striking feature of this species. Prefers full sun and moist soil of average to low fertility. Best planted at the beginning of the rainy season in Mediterranean climates. An excellent seasonal container subject in areas beyond its winter cold hardiness. Best propagated by seed. The roots do not like to be disturbed, so division is difficult. Zone 8.
Elegia capensis at Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden in Cape Town, South Africa, in early September (spring).
Elegia capensis, flower and stem detail, in early September (spring) at Kirstenbosch.
Elegia capensis, stem and bract detail, in early September (spring) at Kirstenbosch.
Elegia equisetacea Masters Golden curls
A widespread species occurring from the Cederberg Mountains of the Western Cape east to Port Elizabeth. Grows erect to 4 feet (1.2 m), with stems generally unbranched though new stems on young plants are often branched in whorls reminiscent of Elegia capensis. Prefers full sun and well-drained soil. Zone 8.
Elegia fenestrata Pillans
Native from the Cape Peninsula to Bredasdorp. Grows erect with unbranched stems, to 2% feet (75 cm) tall. Prefers full sun. Will grow in average to dry soil. Zone 8.
Elegia juncea Linnaeus Golden curls
Frequent in drier habitats from Tulbagh to the Cape Peninsula and east in the Swartberg Mountains. Grows erect, 12 to 30 inches (30-75 cm) tall, increasing in width slowly by rhizomes. Prefers full sun. Very drought tolerant. Zone 8.
Elegia equisetacea in mid September (spring) in the Hottentots Holland Mountains of South Africa's Cape Region.
Elegia fenestrata in late June at Leaning Pine Arboretum in San Luis Obispo, California.
Elegia juncea in dry, rocky habitat in the Swartberg Mountains of South Africa in mid September (spring).
Eleocharis R. Brown
Sedge family, Cyperaceae
Spike-rush
Name from the Greek helos, marsh, and charis, grace. Approximately 200 species of worldwide distribution in wet soil or shallow water, many creeping by rhizomes to form extensive, dense mats. The leaves are reduced to bladeless sheaths and the stems slender and unbranched, each topped by a terminal spikelet. The unobtrusive simplicity of the spike-rushes is often overlooked, yet they are often a graceful, fine-textured presence in wet habitats. They deserve more attention in conserved landscapes and in gardens. Many look alike and can be very difficult to tell apart.
Eleocharis acicularis (Linnaeus) Roemer & Schultes
Slender spike-rush, needle spike-rush, hair grass The specific epithet means needle-shaped, referring to the very slender stems and spikelets. This widespread perennial species occurs on wet soil, in meadows, at lake and pond margins, vernal pools, and often in disturbed damp places, in Arctic regions, across much of North America south through Central America and into South America. and in Eurasia. Spreads by rhizomes to form dense mats. Stems fine and almost hairlike, to 12 inches (30 cm) tall, upright or lax. A graceful addition to marginal areas in water gardens. Can also be grown in indoor aquaria. Of easy culture in sun and moist soil or shallow water. Does best in slightly acidic conditions. Propagate by division in spring or by seed. Zone 4.
Eleocharis dulcis (Burman f.) Trinius ex Henschel
Chinese water-chestnut, mai-tai Though simple and attractive, this widespread native of Asia and western Africa is most often grown for the edible tubers. Jointed cylindrical green stems are up to 3/16 inch (4 mm) in diameter and to 4 feet (1.2 m) tall. The terminal spikelet is up to 2 inches (5 cm) long or sometimes absent. Spreads by elongated stolons that terminate in rounded tubers up to inches (4 cm) in diameter. Eaten fresh or cooked, the tubers are the familiar white crunchy vegetable common in Chinese foods. Of easy culture in full sun and shallow water. Propagate by offsets from tubers. Zone 9.
Elymus Linnaeus Grass family, Poaceae Wild rye, wheatgrass A cosmopolitan genus comprising up to 150 perennial species, clump-forming or spreading by rhizomes or stolons, native throughout temperate latitudes of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, in a variety of habitats including meadows, prairies, woodlands, steppes, and dunes. Most are pronounced cool-season growers. The genus is closely related to Leymus, in which a number of species formerly included in Elymus have been reclassified, including the blue lyme grasses E. arenarius and E. racemosus.
Eleocharis acicularis in shallow water in coastal Maine in early August.
Elymus canadensis in late June at Longwood Gardens in Pennsylvania.
Elymus canadensis Linnaeus
Canada wild rye Native over much of North America, growing along river-banks, in prairies, open ground, and often dry sandy soil. This cool-season grower is a common counterpart to warm-season species in bluestem-dominated tallgrass prairies and savannahs. Clump-forming, 3 to 6 feet (90-180 cm) tall. Flowers in early summer, with nodding inflorescences reminiscent of cultivated rye. These typically remaining intact and attractive into winter. The foliage is coarse-textured, usually green but sometimes glaucous blue-green. The blue color is never as strong as that of its relatives Leymus arenar-ius or L. racemosus. This fast-growing but somewhat shortlived prairie grass is often included in seed mixes to serve as a nurse crop for slower-growing prairie grasses and forbs. Of easy culture in sun or light shade on almost any soil, moist or dry. Easily propagated by seed, or by division in spring or fall. Self-sows, which is desirable in meadows or prairie restorations but may be a nuisance in small gardens. Zone 3.
Elymus glaucus Buckley
Blue wild rye
Native to moist and dry, open thickets across much of northern North America. Clump-forming and densely tufted. Leaves typically glaucous. This species is not often cultivated; however, the name Elymus glaucus hort.
Elymus hystrix Linnaeus [Hystrixpatula Moench]
Bottle-brush grass Though this cool-season grass has been known for many years as Hystrix patula, the current consensus is that it is not sufficiently distinct from other Elymus species to warrant classifying it in a distinct genus, Hystrix Moench. One of the strongest arguments for inclusion in Elymus is that bottle-brush grass occasionally hybridizes in native habitats with the wild ryes, particularly with E. virginicus. Bottle-brush grass is native to moist or dry, often rocky woods in eastern North America, from Nova Scotia and Quebec to North Dakota and south to Virginia and Oklahoma. Clump-forming and upright, to 4 feet (1.2 cm) tall. Bottlebrush-like inflorescences, up to 6 inches (15 cm) long, first appear in mid June and are produced intermittently through August if rains continue. Opening green, bleaching to light buff, they remain attractive into autumn, when the deciduous forest is at its color peak. The seedheads are often cut for dried arrangements. One of relatively few true grasses adapted to dry shaded conditions, it responds to moist fertile soils with fuller growth and flowering. Hot, dry sunny conditions in summer may cause dormancy. This subtle woodland native is best in informal settings. Self-sows manageably. Best propagated by seed. Zone 3.
Elymus hystrix begins to bloom in early June in Missouri. The long-awned inflorescence resembles a bottlebrush. It apparently reminded botanist Carl Linnaeus of porcupines, since he selected the specific epithet. The porcupine is in the animal genus Hystrix.
Elymus hystrix grows with Rhus aromatica in dry, rocky oak-hickory woods in West Virginia in mid October.
Elymus hystrix blooms with Campanula americana in native habitat along Virginia's Blue Ridge Parkway in July.
Elymus magellanicus (Desvaux) A. Love [Agropyron magellanicum Desvaux, A. pubiflorum (Steudel) L. Parodi]
Magellan wheatgrass, blue wheatgrass Native to sunny habitats at high elevations in South America. The glaucous foliage of this tightly tufted clump-former is almost electric-blue. It is semievergreen in mild climates but is a pronounced cool-season grower that quickly suffers or goes dormant when exposed to hot, humid summer conditions, especially if night temperatures remain high. In southern England it is prone to foliar rust disease. Sharply drained soil and a siting with plenty of air circulation promote best growth. Does well in cool coastal areas and is a superb container subject. Propagated best by seed, or by division in early spring. Zone 6.
'Blue Tango'. A Kurt Bluemel introduction from material collected in South America.
Elymus solandri (Steudel) Connor [Triticum solandri Steudel] Native to sunny, open habitats from sea level to upper elevations in the mountains of New Zealand's North and South Islands. Occurs on rocky coastal sites, riverbeds, and glacial moraines, and in interior tussock grasslands. Lax-stemmed and typically less than 18 inches (45 cm) tall, often stolonif-erous and spreading. The foliage is strongly glaucous with a deep blue-green color. Prefers sun but is adaptable to a wide range of soil and moisture conditions. Propagate by seed or division. Zone 7.
In mid July, drying seedheads of Elymus hystrix mix with blooming Ve-ronicastrum virginicum and Phlox paniculata 'David' at the Scott Arboretum of Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania.
Elymus magellanicus grows in sun on a well-drained site and fine gravel mulch at the Royal Horticultural Society's garden, Wisley, in Surrey, England, in late August.
The steely blue foliage of Elymus magellanicus easily competes with the intense red of salvia in July at Great Dixter in Northiam, England.
Foliage of Elymus solandri is still mostly evergreen in August (late winter) in New Zealand.
Elymus virginicus Linnaeus
Virginia wild rye A variable, cool-season, clump-forming species native to rich thickets, alluvial soils, shores, and sometimes alkaline areas over much of eastern North America. Coarse-textured and similar to Elymus canadensis, but foliage is rarely glaucous and awns are shorter and less conspicuous. Tends toward more shaded and damp habitats than E. canadensis; however, the two are sometimes found side by side and occasionally hybridize. Easily grown from seed, or by division in spring or fall. Will grow in sun or partial shade. Self-sows. Zone 3.
Elymus virginicus is continuous through a moist woodland in Texas in mid November.